The Pregnancy Journey: Your Comprehensive 40-Week Roadmap for Your Baby and You

Part 1: The Beginning of Pregnancy and First Steps

Introduction: Preparing for a Miraculous Journey

Pregnancy is one of the most transformative and miraculous processes in a woman’s life. This journey, lasting approximately 40 weeks or 280 days, is a voyage where a single cell develops into a fully formed baby, and the expectant mother undergoes incredible physical and emotional changes. This comprehensive guide has been prepared to accompany expectant parents week by week through this fascinating process, to help them understand the changes they will experience, and to assist them in making informed decisions.

Although pregnancy duration is often tracked in months in common parlance, the medical world monitors this period week by week. The primary reason for this is that critical milestones in the baby’s development and necessary medical tests are tied to a much more precise timeline. This roadmap will proceed on a weekly basis in accordance with medical standards, providing you with scientific and supportive information at every step.

How Pregnancy Week is Calculated: The Starting Point of the Journey

The most fundamental step in pregnancy tracking is to accurately determine the starting point of the journey. This is crucial for both monitoring the baby’s development and predicting the estimated due date.

Last Menstrual Period (LMP) Method

The most widely accepted method for calculating gestational age worldwide is to consider the first day of the expectant mother’s last menstrual period (LMP) as the beginning of the pregnancy. According to this method, the pregnancy duration is calculated as 40 weeks (280 days) from the first day of the LMP.

Fertilization and True Gestational Age

The use of the LMP method can be confusing at first glance. This is because fertilization, the union of sperm and egg, typically occurs about two weeks after the LMP, during ovulation. This means that medically, the expectant mother is not yet biologically pregnant during the first two weeks of pregnancy. The body is merely preparing for a potential pregnancy during this time. This calculation standard has been adopted to ensure consistency in the tracking of all pregnancies.

The Role of Ultrasound

Ultrasound is the gold standard for confirming gestational age, especially in the first trimester (the first 13 weeks). A doctor can determine the gestational age with high accuracy by measuring the baby’s crown-rump length (CRL) using ultrasound. If there is a significant discrepancy between the ultrasound measurement and the week calculated based on the LMP, the doctor will usually update the estimated due date based on the ultrasound measurement.

Estimated Due Date (EDD)

The estimated due date (EDD), calculated based on LMP or ultrasound data, serves as a guideline. It should be remembered that only a very small percentage of babies (about 4%) are born on this exact date. A full-term birth can generally occur anytime between the 38th and 42nd weeks. Therefore, it is a more realistic approach to be prepared for this date range rather than focusing solely on the EDD.

The Three Periods of Pregnancy: An Overview of Trimesters

The 40-week duration of pregnancy is divided into three main periods, each covering approximately three months and having its own unique developmental characteristics. These periods are called “trimesters.”

First Trimester (Weeks 1-13)

This period is the foundational stage of pregnancy, where the most sensitive and rapid changes occur. The baby transforms from a single cell into a fetus with all major organ systems formed. Due to this critical organ development (organogenesis), the embryo is most vulnerable to external factors, and the risk of miscarriage is highest during this period. For the expectant mother, this period is a process of adaptation to pregnancy. Symptoms such as fatigue, nausea, breast tenderness, and intense emotional fluctuations are common due to rising hormones. This trimester is a period of “invisible revolution,” where the greatest transformations for both baby and mother are happening internally, even though the pregnancy is not yet externally visible. This situation—intense internal symptoms without external proof (like a growing belly)—can create uncertainty and anxiety for the expectant mother about the reality of the pregnancy. Hearing the heartbeat for the first time on an ultrasound is one of the most important moments that transforms this abstract anxiety into tangible joy.

Second Trimester (Weeks 14-27)

Often referred to as the “golden period” of pregnancy, the challenging symptoms of the first trimester (nausea, extreme fatigue) subside, and the expectant mother’s energy level increases. As the uterus grows upward from the pelvis, the abdomen becomes more prominent, and the pregnancy becomes noticeable from the outside. One of the most exciting moments of this period is when the mother begins to feel the baby’s first movements (“quickening”). This is a powerful experience that solidifies the bond between mother and baby. During this period, the baby continues to grow rapidly, sensory organs develop, and organ systems mature.

Third Trimester (Weeks 28-40)

This final period is the stage where the baby prepares for birth and gains weight rapidly. The baby now has less room to move in the womb, but its movements are stronger and more distinct. For the expectant mother, this period is characterized by increasing physical challenges. The growing uterus puts pressure on internal organs, causing complaints such as shortness of breath, frequent urination, and heartburn. As the birth approaches, excitement, impatience, and anxiety about labor increase. The body prepares for birth with false labor pains (Braxton Hicks contractions), and the countdown to the big meeting begins.

Period	Week Range	Test/Check	Purpose	How It’s Done
First Trimester	Weeks 6-10	First Comprehensive Exam	Confirmation of pregnancy, assessment of general health status.	Blood tests (blood type, blood count, infection screenings), urinalysis, ultrasound.
	Weeks 11-14	First Trimester Screening	To assess the risk of Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Trisomy 18.	Ultrasound (nuchal translucency-NT, nasal bone) + Maternal blood test (Beta-hCG, PAPP-A).
Second Trimester	Weeks 16-20	Triple/Quad Screen Test	To assess the risk of Down syndrome, Trisomy 18, and neural tube defects.	Maternal blood test (AFP, hCG, estriol, inhibin-A).
	Weeks 20-22	Detailed Ultrasound (Anomaly Scan)	Detailed examination of the baby’s organs and anatomical structure, detection of structural abnormalities.	Advanced ultrasonography.
	Weeks 24-28	Glucose Challenge Test (OGTT)	Screening for gestational diabetes.	Measuring blood sugar levels after the mother drinks a sugary solution.
Third Trimester	Week 28	Rh Incompatibility Shot (Anti-D)	To protect the baby in mothers with Rh incompatibility.	Anti-D immunoglobulin injection given to the mother.
	From Week 32	Non-Stress Test (NST)	To assess the baby’s well-being in the uterus.	Monitoring the baby’s heart rate and movements with a monitor.
	Weeks 35-37	Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Screening	To detect a bacterium that can be passed to the baby during birth.	A swab sample is taken from the vagina and rectum.

Part 2: The First Trimester (Weeks 1-13): The Foundational Period

Weeks 1 and 2: The Preparation Period

Developments in the Baby: According to the medical calendar, the first week of pregnancy is actually the week your last menstrual period began. At this stage, there is no baby yet; your body is simply preparing for this possibility. In your ovaries, the follicle containing the egg to be released in this cycle begins to mature. Towards the end of the second week, this mature egg is released from the ovary. This event is called ovulation, and it is the most fertile time for conception.
Changes in the Mother: During these weeks, the expectant mother is unaware that she is pregnant and is experiencing a normal menstrual cycle. The inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) thickens with blood vessels to prepare for the implantation of a fertilized egg.
Important Notes for This Week: If you are planning a pregnancy, this is the ideal time to start taking folic acid supplements. Folic acid plays a vital role in the development of the baby’s brain and spinal cord and significantly reduces the risk of potential abnormalities (neural tube defects).

Week 3: Fertilization and the Beginning of the Journey

Developments in the Baby: After ovulation, only one of the sperm cells succeeds in fertilizing the egg waiting in the fallopian tube. This is the moment your baby’s genetic code is formed. Your baby’s sex is determined at this instant by the X (girl) or Y (boy) chromosome carried by the fertilizing sperm. This single-celled structure is called a “zygote.” The zygote begins an approximately 4-5 day journey from the fallopian tube to the uterus. During this journey, it divides rapidly, transforming into a ball of cells (first a morula, then a blastocyst).
Changes in the Mother: The expectant mother will most likely feel nothing this week. However, a miraculous process is underway inside her body. Towards the end of the week, the blastocyst reaches the uterus and begins to attach to the thickened uterine wall. This event is called implantation. Some women may experience very light, spotting-like “implantation bleeding” at this time.
Important Notes for This Week: With implantation, the blastocyst begins to secrete the pregnancy hormone known as hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). This hormone stops the menstrual cycle and ensures the continuation of the pregnancy.

Week 4: Confirmation of Pregnancy

Developments in the Baby: The blastocyst, now firmly implanted in the uterine wall, continues to develop rapidly. The cells differentiate into the embryo, which will form the baby, and the placenta, which will nourish it throughout the pregnancy. The amniotic sac and fluid that will protect the baby also begin to form during this period.
Changes in the Mother: This week is when the first concrete sign of pregnancy appears: a missed period. The hCG levels in the body have now reached a level detectable by urine or blood tests, causing pregnancy tests to show a positive result. Early symptoms similar to the premenstrual period may begin, such as breast tenderness and fullness, fatigue, mood swings, and mild pelvic cramps.
Important Notes for This Week: After getting a positive test result, it’s time to schedule your first doctor’s appointment. This initial examination is important to confirm that the pregnancy has started healthily within the uterus.

Week 5: The Start of the Heartbeat

Developments in the Baby: Your baby is now the size of a sesame seed and is developing at an incredible pace. This week, one of the most critical developments occurs: the neural tube, the structure that will form the baby’s brain, spinal cord, and spine, completes its formation. At the same time, a primitive heart takes shape, divides into chambers, and begins to pump blood. This is the first organ system to become active in your baby. Small buds that will form the arms and legs also begin to appear. The baby’s length is approximately 1.5-2 mm.
Changes in the Mother: Pregnancy symptoms may become more pronounced this week. Due to increased hormones and the growing uterus, you may experience frequent urination, all-day fatigue and sleepiness, and breast fullness and pain. Nausea and vomiting, known as “morning sickness” but which can occur at any time of day, may begin. Cravings for certain foods or, conversely, aversions to them are also common during this period.
Important Notes for This Week: An ultrasound performed this week can show the gestational sac inside the uterus. This is an important confirmation that the pregnancy has started in the right place.

Week 6: The First Heart Sounds

Developments in the Baby: Your baby has reached the size of a lentil, about 4-10 mm long. Its heart is now so developed that it can be seen as a small flicker on a vaginal ultrasound, and the heartbeat can be heard. This is an unforgettable and extremely emotional moment for expectant parents. Facial features begin to take shape; dark spots for the eyes and small pits for the nose and ears form. The buds that will form the hands and feet become more distinct.
Changes in the Mother: Nausea and vomiting may intensify this week. Hormonal changes can relax blood vessels, causing a drop in blood pressure, which may lead to occasional dizziness or headaches. As the uterus continues to grow, the pressure on the bladder increases, and the need to urinate frequently continues.
Important Notes for This Week: The first comprehensive doctor’s examination is usually performed around these weeks. Your doctor will assess your overall health, order blood and urine tests, and establish your pregnancy calendar.

Week 7: Rapid Brain Development

Developments in the Baby: Reaching the size of a blueberry or a bean, your baby is about 10-12 mm long. The most remarkable event of this week is the extraordinary speed of brain development. About 100 new brain cells are produced per minute. Due to this rapid growth, the baby’s head appears disproportionately large compared to the rest of its body. Arms and legs continue to lengthen, and elbows and knees take shape. The mouth, tongue, and tooth buds, where future teeth will form, also develop this week.
Changes in the Mother: Your uterus has now reached the size of a lemon. Breast tenderness and pain may peak during this period. Your sense of smell may become so sensitive that even scents you previously enjoyed might bother you. Digestive complaints such as heartburn, indigestion, and increased saliva production may also occur.
Important Notes for This Week: It is very important to pay attention to a healthy and balanced diet during this period, especially for the baby’s rapidly developing brain. You should absolutely not use any medication without consulting your doctor.

Week 8: On the Verge of Transitioning from Embryo to Fetus

Developments in the Baby: Your baby is the size of a cherry and has reached a length of about 12-15 mm. This week is a critical turning point because all the basic organ and body systems (heart, brain, lungs, kidneys, liver) have begun to develop, albeit in primitive forms. Fingers and toes have formed, but there is still a thin membrane between them. The eyelids begin to cover the eyes. The process of ossification (bone formation) accelerates. By the end of this week, the embryonic period is complete, and your baby is now medically referred to as a “fetus.” This means that the organ formation stage is over, and the stage of growth and maturation has begun.
Changes in the Mother: The continuous increase in hormone levels can make emotional fluctuations even more pronounced. You may find yourself feeling very happy one moment and crying or getting angry for no reason the next. This is completely normal. When you move or change positions suddenly, you may feel sharp, momentary pains in your groin due to the stretching of the ligaments that hold your growing uterus in place.
Important Notes for This Week: This week is a very important milestone, marking the completion of the most sensitive stages of organ development and the beginning of your baby taking on a miniature human form.

Weeks 9-11: The Human Form Becomes More Defined

Developments in the Baby: During these weeks, your baby’s facial features increasingly take on a more human-like appearance. The eyes, initially on the sides of the head, slowly move closer to the front, and the ears move towards their final positions. Your baby can now swallow amniotic fluid and open and close its mouth. Its kidneys have started to work and produce urine, which mixes with the amniotic fluid. The webbing between the fingers and toes completely disappears, and tiny nails begin to form. Your baby can now move freely in the uterus, turning and somersaulting, but the mother cannot yet feel it due to its small size.
- Week 9: Length is about 4 cm, weight is 4 gr.
- Week 10: Length is about 5.5 cm, weight is 6 gr.
- Week 11: Length is about 6 cm, weight is 8 gr.
Changes in the Mother: Good news for many expectant mothers: nausea and extreme fatigue begin to gradually subside during these weeks. Your uterus starts to grow upwards out of the pelvic cavity. This may slightly relieve the pressure on your bladder. The volume of blood in your body will increase by 40-50% during pregnancy. Due to this increased blood flow, veins may become more prominent, especially on your breasts, abdomen, and legs.
Important Notes for This Week: This period is the most suitable time for the First Trimester Screening (weeks 11-14). This is a screening test to assess the risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) and Trisomy 18. The test consists of two parts: an ultrasound measures the baby’s nuchal translucency (NT) and nasal bone; on the same day, a blood sample from the mother is analyzed for the levels of two hormones called Beta-hCG and PAPP-A. This data is combined to calculate a personal risk score.

Weeks 12-13: The End of the First Trimester

Developments in the Baby: At the end of the first trimester, your baby is now an almost fully formed, miniature human. Reflexes begin to develop; it can open and close its fingers, curl its toes, and make sucking motions with its mouth. It might even be seen sucking its thumb on an ultrasound. The vocal cords and taste buds also develop during this period. The external genital organs become more distinct, but it is usually necessary to wait a few more weeks for the sex to be determined with certainty by ultrasound. The placenta, which has been developing since the beginning of the pregnancy, is now fully functional and has completely taken over the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products for the baby.
- Week 12: Length is about 6-7 cm, weight is 14-18 gr (the size of a small lemon).
- Week 13: Length is about 9 cm, weight is 25 gr.
Changes in the Mother: These weeks herald the beginning of a period of both physical and psychological relief. Most importantly, the risk of miscarriage significantly decreases after the completion of this week. As your uterus has now risen above the pelvic bone, you may feel a slight firmness in your lower abdomen with your hand. Complaints such as heartburn and indigestion may begin due to the progesterone hormone slowing down the digestive system. Headaches may occur due to the increased blood volume. With the increase in melanin production in your skin, a dark line called “linea nigra” may appear in the middle of your abdomen, or you may start to see patches of discoloration on your face known as “chloasma” (the mask of pregnancy).
Important Notes for This Week: You have reached the end of the first trimester. The most sensitive period of pregnancy is behind you. You are now entering the second trimester, where your energy will gradually return, and you will begin to enjoy your pregnancy more.

Part 3: The Second Trimester (Weeks 14-27): The “Golden Period” of Rising Energy

The second trimester marks a significant psychological turning point in the pregnancy journey. The abstract anxieties of the first trimester give way to a tangible and “bodily bond” with the baby. The expectant mother’s belly becomes prominent, making the pregnancy visible to both herself and the outside world; this is a highly affirming experience of the reality of pregnancy. This physical change is accompanied by the feeling of the baby’s first movements. These first contacts, often described as “butterfly flutters,” transform the baby from an abstract concept into a real, living, moving being inside the womb. The increase in energy that comes with the subsiding of the first trimester’s exhausting symptoms makes this bonding process even more enjoyable. However, this materialization and bonding also bring a new kind of anxiety. The focus of concern shifts from “Am I pregnant?” to “Is my baby healthy?” This is the period when important screening tests that examine the baby’s health in detail (triple/quad screen and especially the detailed anomaly scan) are performed. Therefore, the joy of this deep bond with the baby is intertwined with the sensitivity and anxiety brought on by the tests for the baby’s health.

Weeks 14-17: The Baby Starts to Move

Developments in the Baby: During this period, your baby’s skeletal system undergoes a significant change; the soft cartilage tissue gradually hardens into bone structure. This allows the baby to move its joints and limbs in a much more coordinated manner. As facial muscles develop, it can make various facial expressions like frowning and squinting. Just like adults, its unique and lifelong fingerprints form on its tiny fingertips during these weeks. Its skin is still very thin and transparent, so the blood vessels underneath are visible. Its body begins to be covered with very fine, peach-fuzz-like hair called “lanugo.” This hair helps the protective vernix layer adhere to the skin.
- Week 15: Length is about 10-12 cm, weight is 70-74 gr. If the baby’s position is suitable, it may be possible to see its gender on an ultrasound from this week onwards.
- Week 16: Length reaches about 11-17 cm, weight is 100-110 gr (the size of an avocado).
Changes in the Mother: These weeks are generally a period of relief for expectant mothers. Energy levels rise, and most of the nausea from the first trimester completely disappears. As your uterus grows, your belly starts to show from the outside. Expectant mothers, especially those in their second or subsequent pregnancies, may begin to feel the baby’s first movements during these weeks. These first movements are often described as a light sensation in the abdomen, like a “butterfly wing flutter” or “gas movement.”
Important Notes for This Week: The Triple or Quad Screen Test (weeks 16-18) may be recommended for those who did not have the first-trimester screening or in cases where additional screening is necessary. These tests, done with a maternal blood sample, assess the risk for abnormalities such as Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, and neural tube defects (a condition where the spine remains open).

Weeks 18-22: The Big Scan and Increased Movements

Developments in the Baby: Your baby’s movements are now much more regular and strong; you can feel its kicks, punches, and turns. The development of the nervous system reaches a new level; nerve cells begin to be coated with a fatty sheath called “myelin,” which speeds up nerve transmission and improves motor skills. Your baby constantly swallows amniotic fluid, practicing swallowing. This is important for the development of the digestive system. These swallowed substances cause the accumulation of the first stool, called “meconium,” in its intestines. Its skin is covered with a white, creamy, oily substance called “vernix caseosa” to protect it from the effects of the fluid environment in the womb.
- Week 20: Length is about 16-25 cm, weight is 300-320 gr (the size of a banana).
- Week 22: Length reaches about 29 cm, weight is 450-470 gr.
Changes in the Mother: Your belly is now quite prominent, and you may need to switch to maternity clothes. You can not only feel your baby’s movements, but your partner or relatives can also see them from the outside. Constipation may increase due to the pressure of the growing uterus on the intestines. It is important to consume plenty of fiber-rich foods and water. Stretch marks may begin to appear on the abdomen, breasts, and hips due to skin stretching. You can start using oils or creams to help prevent these stretch marks.
Important Notes for This Week: One of the most important ultrasound examinations of pregnancy, the Detailed Ultrasound / Anomaly Scan (weeks 20-22), is performed during this period. In this examination, a perinatologist checks all of your baby’s organs (brain, heart, stomach, kidneys, spine), face, limbs, and other anatomical structures in the finest detail. This scan, which aims to detect possible structural abnormalities, provides very valuable information about your baby’s health.

Weeks 23-27: Development of Senses and the Viability Limit

Developments in the Baby: During these weeks, your baby’s lung development accelerates. The production of a vital substance called “surfactant,” which will prevent the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs from collapsing after birth, begins. Your baby’s sense of hearing is now very developed; it can clearly hear sounds from the outside world, especially your voice, your heartbeat, and the sounds of your digestive system. It can recognize its mother’s voice and respond to it with movements. It begins to regularly open and close its eyelids, and its retina develops. During this period, it establishes its own sleep and wake cycles. The 24th week is considered the “viability limit,” the point at which a baby has a chance of survival outside the womb with the help of modern medicine.
- Week 24: Length is about 32 cm, weight is 640 gr.
- Week 27: Length reaches about 35 cm, weight is 950 gr. This is a wonderful time to talk to your baby and play music for it to strengthen your bond.
Changes in the Mother: Your uterus has now risen a few fingers above your navel. This can cause an increase in your lower back and back pain. You may experience leg cramps, especially at night. Magnesium deficiency can be a cause of these cramps. Your uterus may begin to have irregular and usually painless contractions called “Braxton Hicks contractions” in preparation for labor. These contractions are felt as a sudden tightening and then relaxing of your abdomen and are normal.
Important Notes for This Week: The Glucose Challenge Test (OGTT – Oral Glucose Tolerance Test) (weeks 24-28) is recommended during this period. This test is done to screen for gestational diabetes, which can arise during pregnancy and pose risks for both mother and baby. The test involves drinking a liquid containing a specific amount of glucose, after which your blood sugar levels are measured.

Part 4: The Third Trimester (Weeks 28-40): Preparation for Birth and the Big Meeting

Weeks 28-32: Rapid Weight Gain and Brain Development

Developments in the Baby: Your baby can now open and close its eyes, squint in response to bright light, and even enter REM sleep stages, which are thought to be when dreaming occurs. Brain development peaks during this period; the characteristic folds and grooves associated with thinking and learning form on the brain’s surface. Fat tissue continues to accumulate rapidly under the skin. This fat layer will play a vital role in regulating body temperature after birth. Although its lungs continue to mature, a baby born in these weeks may need respiratory support. The baby may start to move into the head-down position, which is the most ideal for birth, during these weeks.
- Week 28: Length is about 38 cm, weight is around 1000 gr (1 kg).
- Week 32: Length reaches about 41-45 cm, and weight is 1700-2000 gr (1.7-2 kg).
Changes in the Mother: Your growing uterus now reaches up to your ribs, putting pressure on your diaphragm. This can cause you to feel short of breath, especially when climbing stairs or moving quickly. Complaints such as heartburn, indigestion, and frequent urination increase due to the pressure of the uterus on the stomach and bladder. The fatigue of the first trimester may return during this period. You may experience swelling (edema) in your hands and feet, especially towards the end of the day, due to the increased fluid volume in your body.
Important Notes for This Week: From this week on, your doctor’s appointments will become more frequent, usually every two weeks. If your blood type is Rh-negative and your partner’s is Rh-positive, your doctor will usually recommend an Anti-D immunoglobulin (Rh incompatibility shot) around the 28th week to prevent potential problems due to blood incompatibility.

Weeks 33-36: Maturation and Descent into the Birth Canal

Developments in the Baby: Your baby’s skeleton is fully developed, and its bones have hardened. However, the skull bones remain flexible and are not fully fused to facilitate passage through the birth canal during delivery. Its lungs are now almost fully mature, and a baby born in these weeks has a high chance of breathing without respiratory support. Your baby gains weight rapidly during this period, about 250 grams per week. Most of the fine lanugo hair covering its body begins to shed. The baby’s immune system also develops, and it receives antibodies from the mother through the placenta, gaining passive immunity for the first few months after birth.
- Week 34: Length is about 43 cm, weight is around 2200 gr.
- Week 36: Length reaches about 46-48 cm, and weight is 2500-2700 gr.
Changes in the Mother: You may feel a sense of relief as your baby’s head descends into the birth canal (“engagement”) during these weeks. You can breathe more easily as the pressure on your diaphragm decreases, but this time the pressure on your pelvis and bladder increases, causing you to urinate more frequently and feel pressure in your groin. Finding a comfortable sleeping position at night becomes increasingly difficult. Braxton Hicks contractions may become more frequent and more noticeable.
Important Notes for This Week: From the 36th week onwards, doctor’s appointments are usually weekly. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Screening (weeks 35-37) is performed during this period. This simple test, done with a swab sample from the vagina and rectum, checks for the presence of a bacterium that can cause serious infections if passed to the baby during birth. If the test is positive, antibiotic treatment is administered during labor to protect the baby. Non-Stress Test (NST) monitoring may begin to check your baby’s well-being. In this test, your baby’s heart rate responses to its movements are monitored via a machine.

Weeks 37-40: Full Term and the Wait

Developments in the Baby: With the completion of the 37th week, your baby is now considered “full term.” This means it has largely completed its development and is ready for life outside the womb. The brain and lungs are the last organs that will continue to mature even after birth. Your baby’s room for movement is now very limited. Therefore, instead of large movements like somersaults, it makes more stretching, pushing, and position-changing movements. A change in the type of movement is normal, but there should not be a significant decrease in the frequency of movements.
- Week 40: Your baby’s average length is 48-52 cm, and weight is between 3000-3500 gr. However, it should be remembered that every baby is different, and these values can vary from person to person.
Changes in the Mother: These final weeks are filled with a mix of emotions such as impatience, excitement, anxiety, and fatigue. Your body may start to give clear signals that it is preparing for labor. The most common of these are: the release of the mucus plug from the cervix with a bloody discharge (“bloody show”), contractions that come at regular intervals and gradually increase in frequency and intensity, and the leakage of fluid from the vagina as the amniotic sac ruptures.
Important Notes for This Week: Monitoring your baby’s movements is more important than ever during this period. If you notice a significant decrease in your baby’s movements during the day, you should contact your doctor or go to the hospital without delay. Clarifying with your doctor beforehand what signs indicate the start of labor and when you should go to the hospital will help you stay calmer when the time comes.

Week 41 and Beyond: Post-Term

Some pregnancies may go past the estimated due date. Entering the 41st week after completing the 40th is called “post-term pregnancy.” There is no need to worry in this situation, but the condition of the baby and the placenta is monitored more closely. Your doctor may request tests such as NST and ultrasound more frequently (e.g., every other day) to assess the baby’s well-being. If there is a risk to the baby’s or mother’s health, or if the waiting period approaches the 42nd week, inducing labor with medical methods may be considered as an option.

Part 5: Roadmap for a Healthy and Safe Pregnancy

Nutrition During Pregnancy: Conscious Choices for Two Lives

Nutrition during pregnancy not only protects the mother’s health but also provides the necessary building blocks for the baby’s optimal growth and development. The fundamental principle should be “eating nutritiously for two,” not “eating for two.”

Basic Principles: The foundation of nutrition is to be balanced and varied. The goal should be to get adequate amounts from every food group. Natural, fresh, and minimally processed foods should be preferred as much as possible; packaged products with additives, fast food, and carbonated drinks should be avoided.
Critical Nutrients:
- Folic Acid (Vitamin B9): It is vital for the development of the baby’s central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Its deficiency can lead to serious birth defects like “neural tube defects.” Therefore, it is strongly recommended to start taking it at least 3 months before planning pregnancy and to continue regularly throughout the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Dark green leafy vegetables (spinach, broccoli), legumes, and nuts are natural sources.
- Iron: As blood volume increases by about 50% during pregnancy, the need for iron also increases. Iron is used in the production of red blood cells that carry oxygen for both the mother and the baby. Its deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, and an increased risk of preterm birth in the mother. Red meat, chicken, fish, eggs, dried legumes, and molasses are rich sources of iron.
- Calcium: It is necessary for your baby to develop strong bones and teeth. If the mother does not get enough calcium through her diet, the baby will draw what it needs from the mother’s bone stores. Dairy products like milk, yogurt, and cheese, as well as dark green leafy vegetables, are the best sources of calcium.
- Protein: It is the basic building block of all your baby’s cells, tissues, and organs. Meat, fish, chicken, eggs, dairy products, and legumes are high-quality protein sources.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: DHA, in particular, plays a critical role in the baby’s brain and eye development. It is recommended to consume oily fish like salmon and sardines 1-2 times a week.
Fluid Intake: Adequate fluid intake is very important to support the increased blood volume, replenish amniotic fluid, transport nutrients, and prevent constipation. The goal should be to drink at least 8-10 glasses (about 2-2.5 liters) of water per day.
Weight Management: Healthy weight gain directly affects the course of pregnancy. The ideal weight gain is determined by the expectant mother’s pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI). Excessive weight gain can increase the risk of gestational diabetes, high blood pressure (preeclampsia), and birth complications, while insufficient weight gain can lead to the baby having a low birth weight.

Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI) Category	Total Recommended Weight Gain	1st Trimester Total Gain	2nd & 3rd Trimester Weekly Average Gain
Underweight (BMI < 18.5)	12.5 – 18 kg	~2 kg	~0.5 kg
Normal Weight (BMI 18.5-24.9)	11.5 – 16 kg	~1.5 kg	~0.4 kg
Overweight (BMI 25-29.9)	7 – 11.5 kg	~1 kg	~0.3 kg
Obese (BMI ≥ 30)	5 – 9 kg	~0.5 kg	~0.2 kg
Note: These values are a general guide, and individual needs may vary. Your doctor will set a specific target for you.

Staying Active: Safe Exercises and Physical Activity

Pregnancy is not an illness that requires inactivity. On the contrary, regular and moderate exercise, with a doctor’s approval, provides numerous benefits for both mother and baby. Exercise helps reduce back and lower back pain, prevent constipation, increase energy levels, improve sleep quality, and manage stress. It also prepares the body for the physical challenges of childbirth.

Activities such as walking, swimming, prenatal Pilates, and yoga are generally considered safe. However, sports with a risk of falling (skiing, cycling), contact sports, and strenuous, high-intensity exercises should be avoided. It is important to get your doctor’s approval before starting any exercise program.

Mental and Emotional Health: Coping with Changing Emotions

Pregnancy is a process of profound mental and emotional transformation, not just a physical one. Dramatic fluctuations in hormone levels can often cause mood swings, increased sensitivity, crying spells for no reason, and anxiety. These emotional ups and downs are completely normal and a part of pregnancy.

It is also very common to feel anxious about the birth process, baby care, the role of motherhood, and life changes. The most important thing during this process is not to suppress your feelings and to seek support. Talking to your partner, family, or trusted friends can help you relax. Do not hesitate to get support from a mental health professional (psychologist or psychiatrist) when you feel it is necessary. It should be remembered that prenatal depression is a real medical condition and is treatable. The mother’s mental health is as important as the baby’s health.

What to Avoid: Minimizing Risks

To have a healthy pregnancy, it is crucial to stay away from certain habits and substances.

Smoking and Alcohol: These should be completely quit from the moment pregnancy is planned. Smoking increases the risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and sudden infant death syndrome. Alcohol consumption carries the risk of “fetal alcohol syndrome,” which negatively affects the baby’s brain development and leads to permanent mental and physical problems.
Caffeine: Excessive caffeine consumption is thought to potentially reduce egg quality and increase certain risks during pregnancy. Therefore, it is recommended to limit the consumption of caffeinated beverages such as coffee, tea, and cola (usually keeping it below 200 mg per day).
Medication Use: Do not use any medication, including over-the-counter pain relievers, herbal teas, or supplements, without consulting your doctor. Many seemingly harmless substances can have harmful effects on the baby’s development.
Foods with Infection Risk: During pregnancy, the immune system is suppressed, making one more susceptible to certain foodborne infections. Infections like Listeria and toxoplasmosis can harm the baby. Therefore, unpasteurized milk and dairy products (some soft cheeses), raw or undercooked meat, poultry, fish (sushi), and eggs should be avoided.

Part 6: Danger Signs to Watch For

Although pregnancy is a natural process, some symptoms can be a sign of a serious problem requiring immediate medical attention. One of the biggest concerns for expectant mothers is distinguishing between normal pregnancy discomforts and real danger signs. For example, mild groin pain is a normal condition due to the growing uterus , whereas severe, one-sided pain could be a sign of an ectopic pregnancy. Similarly, while an increase in vaginal discharge is considered normal in pregnancy , a continuous, watery discharge could indicate that the amniotic sac has ruptured. To make this distinction, the severity, frequency, pattern of the symptom, and other accompanying signs are important. However, the basic rule is this:

Whenever in doubt, call your doctor immediately or go to the nearest emergency room.

When to Call Your Doctor Immediately?

It is vitally important to seek medical help without delay if you experience any of the following symptoms:

Vaginal Bleeding: Regardless of the amount (spotting or heavy bleeding), any bleeding seen at any stage of pregnancy is an emergency. Possible causes include miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, the placenta covering the cervix (placenta previa), or the placenta detaching from the uterine wall prematurely (placental abruption).
Severe Abdominal or Pelvic Pain: If you feel a persistent, severe, stabbing, or continuous pain beyond normal cramps, this could be a sign of serious problems such as an ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, placental abruption, or preterm labor.
Leaking Fluid from the Vagina (Water Breaking): If you notice a continuous, uncontrollable, and usually odorless fluid leaking down your leg, it could mean that the amniotic sac surrounding the baby has ruptured. This carries a risk of infection and preterm birth, especially if it occurs before the 37th week.
Significant Decrease in Baby’s Movements: Especially after the 28th week, if you feel a serious slowdown or cessation in your baby’s normal movement pattern (e.g., fewer than 10 movements in 2 hours), this could be a sign that the baby is in distress (fetal distress) and requires immediate evaluation.
Regular and Frequent Contractions Before 37 Weeks: If you have more than 4-5 contractions per hour that come at regular intervals, do not go away with rest, and gradually increase in intensity before you have completed 37 weeks, this could be a sign of preterm labor.
Symptoms of Preeclampsia: If one or more of the following symptoms occur together, you should contact a doctor immediately:
- Severe and persistent headache.
- Blurred vision, seeing flashes of light, or “floaters.”
- Severe pain just below the ribs, especially in the upper right abdomen.
- Sudden and excessive swelling in the face, eyelids, and hands.
High Fever: A body temperature above 38°C (100.4°F), accompanied by chills, could be a sign of an infection (e.g., urinary tract infection, chorioamnionitis) that could affect both you and your baby.
Burning and Pain During Urination: These symptoms could be a sign of a urinary tract infection, which can trigger preterm labor.
Severe and Persistent Vomiting: Severe nausea and vomiting (Hyperemesis Gravidarum) that continues, especially after the first trimester, prevents you from eating or drinking anything, and leads to weight loss and dehydration, is a serious condition that may require hospital treatment.

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